Impact Of The Nigerian Presidential Amnesty Program

In this paper, I estimate the impact of the Nigerian Presidential Amnesty Program (Amnesty), a local form of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR), on crude oil production in Nigeria. The President of Nigeria announced the program on June 25th, 2009 which aimed to put an end to the insurgency crisis experienced in the Niger Delta region, particularly between 2006 - 2009 which had led to an average loss of about 650,000 barrels of crude oil per day (cited in Asuni, 2009) and which had major implications for the government s revenue. Militants were given the opportunity for a state pardon by submitting their weapons in exchange for empowerment training and monthly stipends of N65,000 per month. I used a difference-in-difference approach and the results indicate an average increase of about 73% in crude oil production in the treated states. The production and export data for this work was retrieved from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) database, the regulating body for the Oil and Gas industry, beginning from Q1, 2005, to Q4, 2013. I also collected crude oil prices from the British Petroleum website. Although the Amnesty Program led to a significant increase in oil production, it does not necessarily suggest it is the best policy that could have been adopted due to its challenges. Introduction The Niger Delta region, the Nigeria crude oil base, had witnessed numerous protests at various times by its citizens over resource wealth and control.Show MoreRelatedThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 Pagesbetween local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as community agitation has undoubtedly undergone several transformations. The first involved the fl owering of civil society, which mobilized a popular civil struggle. The second saw the extension of the agitation from that against multinational oil companies (MNCs) to include the Nigerian state. The third transformation involved the elevationRead MoreNigeria And Its Impact On Nigeria1753 Words   |  8 Pages Nigeria was founded in 1963, after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, and adopted a federal presidential republic government. On its southern coast it borders the Atlantic Ocean through the Gulf of Guinea. Current President Muhammadu Buhari took power in 2015 but has been involved in Nigerian politics since the 1980s. His insights and experience really add power to his speeches when he comes out to address the issues his country is facing. The problem that Buhari has discussed oftenRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesParadigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle

Cross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication

Introduction This paper will give a brief overview and then analyze the different cross cultural communication skills, including; oral, written, formal, informal, verbal and non verbal. It will then compare and contrast two focus areas of cross culture communication; culture and ethics. This paper will then conclude its findings Brief overview of cross-cultural communication skills Oral communication is transmitted through speech. It includes personal conversations, speeches, meetings, telephone conversations, conference calls, and video tele-conferences (synchronic). Written communication is communications transmitted through writing. It can include e-mails (asynchronic), letters, memos, faxes, formal reports, news releases. Formal communication is transmitted through the chain of command within an organization to other members or to people outside the organization. It includes internal memos, reports, meetings, oral presentations, external letters, written proposal, speeches, news releases, press conferences. Informal communication is transmitted outside formally authorized channels without regard for the organization’s hierarchy of authority. It includes rumours, chats with colleagues in the hallways or during lunch or coffee breaks. Verbal communication is transmitted in the forms of words Meetings, voice mail, telephone conversations, internet forum s (asynchronic) and chat (synchronic). Finally, nonverbal communication is transmitted through actions and behaviourShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Communication On Public Relations935 Words   |  4 Pagesauthors of this article posit to articulate the contribution that communication audit plays in public relations to the extent that it is conceived fittingly as an effective tool that can be applied in management. The effectiveness of communication analysis helps in tackling the needs of the target message, the audience as well as the media and augments the effectiveness of the efforts that are made in the process of communication. According to Hollister Patricia (2005), the retention of an outsideRead MoreImpact Of Communication On Cross Cultural Communication911 Words   |  4 PagesCultural differences can negatively impact effective communication thus companies need to train employees on cross-cultural communication. Companies not trained in cultural differences run the risk o f ruining a business deal or relationship. Mukherjee and Ramos-Salazar (2014) mentioned, â€Å"The key to global business success depends on effective cross-cultural etiquette and global workforce diversity management† (p.18). Companies that understand differences between cultures have a competitive advantageRead MoreThe Term â€Å"Culture† Refers To The Complex Accumulation Of1415 Words   |  6 Pageswe do. How a society perceives personal values and norms can drastically change how things are interpreted and could be offensive to some. Meanings and connotations in many gestures and words are not the same universally. Understanding through Communication Many people think that underneath â€Å"we are all the same† and they assume individual personal qualities and good intentions will close any gaps. Because we live in a culturally diverse society, people will encounter individuals from different racesRead More Bridging The Gap Between Cross Essay628 Words   |  3 Pages Building effective communication skills and relationships within a single culture is often challenging. Bridging the gap between different cultures makes building communication skills and relationships even more difficult. I will discuss some of the challenges of cross-cultural communication and the pieces necessary to build effective working relationships. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Typically, some of the basic assumptions we make when communicating with people from our own culture must beRead MoreThe Communication Approaches That The Nurse For Individuals Who Do Not Speak English As Their Primary Language795 Words   |  4 Pagespersons who do not speak English as their primary language. 2. Describe four communication approaches that the nurse can use to give culturally appropriate care. Social justice: Professional nurses shall promote social justice for all. The applied principles of social justice guide decisions of nurses related to the patient, family, community, and other health care professionals. Nurses will develop leadership skills to advocate for socially just policies. Social justice evolves from values ofRead MoreCultural Competency in Nursing944 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Cultural competency Cultural Competency in Nursing Practice Diana Oestreich The College of St. Scholastica Culturally Competent Care The nursing profession continues to walk towards excellence in cultural competent delivery of current healthcare needs. In the pursuit of excellence and the love of learning, there are always improvements to be made. Continuing education requirements areRead MoreChallenges Of Cross Cultural Work Environment999 Words   |  4 Pages CHALLENGES IN CROSS CULTURAL WORK ENVIRONMENT ABINAY KANKATI Sullivan University MGT-510 Executive Summary: The proposal briefs about the challenges in a cross-cultural work environment and how we can over come these challenges. Cross-culture as the name sounds involves dealing with various cultures across the world. Working in a cross-cultural work environment is always difficult and the need to face challenges is quite common in such organizations. Communication is one of the keyRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On International Marketing Communication1486 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY Cultural factors have long been known to impact the communication and success capability of competition in conducting worldwide business. The objective of this report is to recognize the importance of cultural factors occurring in marketing communications. Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-cultural communicationRead MoreMotivational Language Theory ( Mlt )888 Words   |  4 Pagesleader-to-follower communications (Mayfield, 2008). Using MLT, you can reduce uncertainty through clarification by setting goals; creating and sharing a vision; and by consistently using words that express empathy, compassion and respect for employees (Mayfield, 2008). Regardless of the environment, leader-follower communication principles are universal. Multicultural Environments and Cross Cultural Communication Leaders who are well versed in the foregoing leader-follower communication concepts willRead MoreA Brief Note On Cross Cultural Communication And Understanding Cultural Differences1625 Words   |  7 Pages Cross-Culture Communication Competence in Global Business Celeste Aisien Lo COMS 2331 Dr. Richard Bello April 29th 2015â€Æ' Competence in cross-cultural communication and understanding cultural differences is becoming more crucial in today’s society. Technology is advancing in a rapid pace and is allowing more opportunities in migration therefore existing countries has never had so much to do with each other until today. As a result of becoming inter-connected, global business is progressing

Oregon Fur Trade Essay Example For Students

Oregon Fur Trade Essay The Oregon Fur TradeIn 1808 Simon Fraser, employed by the Northwest Company, made his way across the Rockies and came down what is known now as the Fraser River to the Columbia. The next to come along was David Thompson, who was also employed by the Northwest Company. He too crossed the Rockies and made his way to the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. He reached the ocean in 1811 and found an American fur-trading company. This was the Pacific Fur Trading Company. It was the first permanent Euro-American settlement at Astoria. John Jacob Astor found the American Fur Company in 1808, The Pacific Fur Company in 1810 and the South West Company in 1811. He was the first millionaire in American history. Astor loaded a ship called the Tonquin with everything needed to sustain his fort on the Columbia. It sailed in September, 1810 under Captain Jonathan Thorn. The ship arrived in March, 1811. Astor also sent an overland party led by Wilson Price Hunt. The party departed from St. Louis in September, 1810. Although the fort at Astoria seemed to be doing quite well when Thompson arrived, it was actually quite fragile. Supplies came few and far between. The men were driven by starvation. This led them to establish the Willamette Post to relieve some of the pressures. When the war of 1812 broke out the partners in the field at Astoria were afraid of their post being seized. In 1813 they sold out to the NorthWest Company. In 1814 the Treaty of Ghent helped to end the war with Great Britain. The Americans thought that this meant that they still held claim to the Oregon country. In 1818 Captain James Biddle declared American possession of both shores of the estuary at the Columbia River. In 1821 the North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company merge. The new name was the Hudson’s Bay Company because it was the older of the two. The Hudson’s Bay Company’s only concern was profit. To make the investors happy and ensure return on their money, the directors in London named George Simpson to superintend field operations. Simpson named Dr. John McLoughlin to serve as Chief Factor. Simpson and McLoughlin started what they called the brigade system. The mission of the brigade system was to eradicate the fur-bearing animals of the region. By doing this, they planned to an area with no furs so that Americans would get discouraged and turn back. In 1820, Hall Jackson Kelley noticed t he success of the Hudson’s Bay Company. He began to promote the colonization of the region. He printed pamphlets that talked about the regions potentials, which would make Americans rich if they would settle in Oregon. Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth responded to this but when Kelley’s colony failed he started the Pacific Trading Company to help develop Oregon. Wyeth’s competitors were too strong. The American Fur Company had command on the fur trade in the Rockies and the Hudson’s Bay Company had command on the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest. In 1836 he gave up. By the 1840’s the fur trade was beginning to decline. The change in fashion was a big part of this decline. Men’s hats made of beaver pelts were no longer in style. Furs were no longer abundant or cheap. History Essays

Reading Response to Blink by Malcolm Gladwell Essay Example

Reading Response to Blink by Malcolm Gladwell Essay Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking is a popular science book published in 2005. The subject is the ‘human adaptive unconscious’, which is the cognitive phenomenon behind quick, frequent and automatic processes in the mind. Gladwell’s central thesis is that our minds can make fairly accurate judgments, without consuming much time and information. Gladwell goes on to present several supporting evidence to back up his thesis. These include verifiable cases from the domains of gambling, speed dating, strategy video games and malpractice suits. And I have to admit that most of them are quite convincing. Gladwell describes the phenomena as ‘thin-slicing’, which humans employ most of the time as a way of de-cluttering the mind from the abundance of information available to it. According to Gladwell’s thesis, ‘thin-slicing’ is as good a strategy (if not better) than comprehensive analysis of an occurrence/situation. Hence, spontaneous decisions tend to be as good as deliberate, thought out ones. Gladwell presents numerous examples from the fields of marketing, medicine, science and popular music to illustrate his point. On the nature of human decision making, Gladwell notes, â€Å"Our world requires that decisions be sourced and footnoted, and if we say how we feel, we must also be prepared to elaborate on why we feel that way. I think that approach is a mistake, and if we are to learn to improve the quality of the decisions we make, we need to accept the mysterious nature of our snap judgements. We need to respect the fact that it is possible to know without knowing why we know and accept that — sometimes — we’re better off that way.† (Gladwell, 2005) We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response to Blink by Malcolm Gladwell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response to Blink by Malcolm Gladwell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response to Blink by Malcolm Gladwell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What convinced me about Gladwell’s thesis is his choice of examples. The decision of a fire lieutenant in Cleveland to order his men out of an un-abating fire (on the basis of an extra-sensory perception of danger) is one of many persuasive cases the author presents. This decision saved their lives, as the floor on which they were dousing fire collapsed within a few seconds of the decision to recall personnel. The case of dubious originality of the statue Getty Kouros is another classic example, where experts ‘sensed’ from their very first sighting something fishy about the work’s authenticity. Another example that stuck in my mind is that of marriage expert John Gottman, who can make largely accurate predictions on the durability of marriages by simply watching the couple speak for an hour. Hence, my overall impression of the book is one of assent, as supporting evidence for the thesis seemed fairly robust. But there are a few flaws and deficiencies as well. Firstly, Gladwell seems to claim that ‘thin-slicing’ is a fairly robust and dependable way of arriving at spot judgments. But this goes against the grain of conventional wisdom as many key decisions in life have to be deliberately considered and decided. The tendency to ‘thin-slice’ suppresses our critical thinking faculties, which is a more dependable tool in the long run. For example, the author seems to suggest that the subconscious, intuitive and the paranormal should occupy a higher place than rationality and rigorous reasoning: â€Å"There can be as much value in the blink of an eye as in months of rational analysis†¦ research suggests that what we think of as free will is largely an illusion: much of the time, we are simply operating on automatic pilot, and the way we think and act – and how well we think and act on the spur of the moment – are a lot more susceptible to outside influences than we realize.† (Gladwell, 2005) But the dominance of the adaptive unconscious and the threat of ‘analysis paralysis’ should not dissuade us from eliminating valuable information from the decision making process. In this aspect, I would say that the author’s emphasis on the validity of ‘thin-slicing’ and the power of the unconscious is exaggerated. Barring the few criticisms pointed to above, the book is a valuable addition to collegiate libraries. This book is relevant to the classroom, for it exposes students to off-beat occurrences and unusual phenomena which do not usually feature in their textbooks. This will widen students’ intellectual horizons and also sharpen their perceptive ability. Ideally, the book could be incorporated into the psychology/sociology curriculum as an ‘elective’ subject, where interested students can take up credits. Work Cited: Gladwell, Malcolm, Blink, published by Back Bay Books in 2005, ISBN 0-316-17232-4